How International Business Is The Exchange Of Goods And...

International Business is the exchange of goods and services among individuals and businesses in multiple countries. International Business is also known as Global Business or International Marketing. People in this field have to understand the dynamics of different financial systems, their legal framework, also cultural and language differences. Consultants, as they are often called, have to deal with cultural sensitivities as well. An average day may include; research, dealing with public and/or external customers, constantly keeping abreast of the culture and economy of the country with which one is doing business with, picking up a second language, and directing or coordinating the task of workers. I have many personality strengths that match a career in International Business. My strengths include gathering and remembering relevant data and facts, demonstrating my skill at being able to quickly solve problems, being able to recall and recite important facts that make you look good, being responsive to people’s questions, and representing myself as an honest and straightforward person. Those that have been in this field for a while suggest possibly teaching English first in the desired country that I want to do business with. This will allow time for getting acclimated to the culture. This career is almost identical to my career interest. I am extremely observant but I keep most of my reactions, thoughts and opinions to myself, which is a great asset for this career.Show MoreRelatedInfluence that Created Globalization1626 Words   |  6 Pagesintegration among other countries involving the exchanges of goods, services, technology, information, culture and people as well. 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How has cinema matured and developed within the last 10 years Free Essays

string(109) " has been proposed to be an extensive cue to depth that is effective on different distances \(Horii, 1992\)\." 1.0INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Definitio Through the century, film technology has grown up and makes miracle in our life, from the first projected black and white movie in 1895 to the 3D movie today. We will write a custom essay sample on How has cinema matured and developed within the last 10 years? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the film industry, 3D movie has been very popular in recent years and it is almost becomes a need in the market. As 3D film technology is more and more matured, 2D to 3D conversion can be applied to live-action or VFX productions to add 3D depth to standard 2D material. Hence, filmmakers have different options of 3D film making to suite to their own styles and of course it will rely on the market needs as well. This project will look at which production method is better for filmmaker in term of quality, time consumption and cost. 1.2 Scope The extent of this project is to present past and current knowledge of film technology and the development of 3D stereoscopic production. Any business and marketing strategies in film industry will fall outside the scope of the project. Where the current and new 3D film technology is discussed, this report will also outline a critical analysis of each method of live-action shooting in 3D and the process of 2D to 3D conversion. 1.3 Rationale Stereoscopic filmmaking and stereo 3D conversion is an area of film technology that is constantly changing and expanding. Appearing in many forms and guides, many possibilities of production can be found, from the early development stages right through to post production. As more films are produced in 3D, filmmakers will experience a clearer perspective on the impact in time and cost of shooting in 3D relative to 2D. Hardly say that, 3D movie will take longer time to shoot and post produce than a comparable 2D films nevertheless it will cost more in overall. Hence, stereo 3D conversion will be considered due to being cost effective. Ultimately, the decision to shoot in 3D instead of 2D will depend on the investment return from the marketplace, and creative is one of the considerations too. However, affordably priced 3D camera rigs and other equipments are also being developed that will make stereoscopic 3D production accessible to independent producers on limited budgets. This projec t provides important information in 3D film making and post produced. Multimedia technology students with experience in 3D modeling, video production and post production may also benefit from this report. 1.4 Aim The overall aim of the project is to compare and contrast in post production on stereo 3D conversion and live-action stereoscopic images and to define the reason for selecting each method. 1.5 Objectives To develop an in depth understanding of 3D display, stereoscopic images and depth perception. Critically analyse research and explore the process of 2D to 3D conversion and live-action shooting. To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages between stereo 3D conversion and live-action shooting. To define which technologies on the way to best achieve a stereo conversion. 1.6 Brief History of 3D Here is the highlight of the history of 3D. In 1838, Sir Charles Wheatstone first explained â€Å"stereopsis† – the perception of depth. In 1851, Queen Victoria saw a â€Å"stereoscope† still image, 3D became all the rage. Around 1890, first stereo film camera introduced. Circa 1915, first red blue â€Å"anaglyph† movie was shown to broad audiences. In 1953, 45 films were released in 3D includes Kiss Me Kate, House of Wax, Creature from the Black Lagoon and more. In 1970’s, new capture and projection technologies were born but unlikely success due to eyestrain for the audience. Jaws 3D is one of the movie which projected in the cinema. Late 1990’s, IMAX begins projecting in 3D In 2005, Hollywood studios’ Digital Cinema Initiative, aided by Entertainment Technology Centre’s Digital Cinema Lab, a specification for a standard digital cinema package was created. In 2009, more than two out of ten movie screens are equipped for digital 3D In 2011, 3D home experiences no longer a myth. 2.0REVIEW OF EXISTING KNOWLEDGE 2.1 Introduction The review on this report provides a rich source of knowledge about depth perception, stereoscopic images, and 3D display that can be applied to the stereoscopic image production which will be discussed on chapter four. To understand how better to present information on 3D stereoscopic, a comprehensive understanding of depth perception is necessary. In addition, knowledge of the human visual system uses as a guide on stereoscopic viewing will be covered in this section. 2.2 Stereo Vision in the Human Visual System The visual system consist retina, vitreous, iris, lens, pupil, cornea, optic disk and optic nerve. Each component of the human eye has a role that requires to work together with the brain, and the perceptive needs of the human mind. The human visual system has a physical configuration that able to build a 3D model of the world from two separate flat images taken in by the eyes. In the real world each eye sees a slightly different view of the world due to human beings have horizontally separated eyes. 2.2.1 Depth Perception Depth can be divided into binocular depth cues that image received by both eyes, and monocular depth cues that image received by just single eye. Studies with random-dot stereogram have shown that the binocular and monocular depth cues are independently perceived (Julesz, 1971). 2.2.1.1 Monocular Depth Cues At longer distances, pictorial cues such as textures, size, colours, shadows and perspective lines are more important than the binocular cues. Failure to present credible pictorial cues might cause undesirable effects and thus destroy the sensation of depth (Boev Hollosi, 2008). Texture in sufficiently symmetrical or constant patterns is a good cue to depth. Shadows work as a depth cue by indicating the size, shape, orientation and parallax of different objects. The functioning of scale as a cue to depth relies on the fact that the sizes of familiar objects are known. Focal depth has been proposed to be an extensive cue to depth that is effective on different distances (Horii, 1992). You read "How has cinema matured and developed within the last 10 years?" in category "Essay examples" A person with one blind eye has limited ability to judge distance and depth. However, they able to extract 3D information from a single 2D view through the basis depth assessment as below: Scale – through the evaluation of the relative size of objects. Superposition – from observing one object partially obscuring another. Shadow – through examining the shape of an object’s shadow. Focus – through changing focus on the eye. Perspective – through observing that parallel features converge as the distance increases. The ability to judge distance can be developed with experiences; however, it can never reach the same degree that can be obtained with binocular vision (Westone Resource, 2002). 2.2.1.2 Binocular Depth Cues Figure 1 shows how geometry of binocular vision gives rise to slightly different images in two eyes. If the two eyes are fixating on a point P, then the images cast by P fall at the centre of the fovea in each eye. Now consider a second point Q. If the images of Q fell five degrees away from the fovea in both eyes we should say that Q stimulated corresponding points in the two eyes, and that Q had zero disparity. If instead the image was located 6 degrees away from the fovea in one eye but 5 degrees away in the other, we should say that Q stimulated disparate or no corresponding points and that Q produced a disparity of 1 degree. In general, if Q’s image falls x degrees from the fovea in the left eye and y degrees from the fovea in the right eye than the binocular disparity is (x – y), measured in degrees of visual angle. The amount of disparity depends on the physical depth (d) of Q relative to the fixation point P. In fact, disparity is approximately proportional to t his depth difference divided by the square of the viewing distance (v). Thus disparity increases with the amount of depth, but decreases rapidly with increasing viewing distance (Chalmers Lo, 2003) Figure 1. Geometry of binocular vision Schreer (2005) stated that human eyes are separated from each other on average by approximately 63mm. Beyond a distance of 400 metres the change in parallactic angle becomes so small that depth perception cannot be discerned. The smallest difference in parallactic angle which can be interpreted as an impression of depth is an indication of our stereoscopic acuity (Westone Resource, 2002). 2.3 Stereoscopic Depth Cues Stereoscopic depth cues are a kind of motion parallax cues. Human is using two eyes as two points of view, and then make comparisons between these two views. Retinal disparities can be defined as discrepancies between two images. Two pictures to be processed together with specialized neurons in the visual cortex looking for these disparities, hence more information, more accurately can be extracted from motion parallaxes. Mostly horizontal parallaxes, occlusions revelations, some shape changes, and convergence cues. One could rightfully argue that there is no stereoscopic depth cue that is not a motion cue (Mendiburu, 2009). Horizontal Parallax Human brain will extracts and computes the size of the disparities to assess the distance of the objects when looking at a stereoscopic image. Occlusion Revelations Occlusion occurs when objects overlap each other. Occlusions are the most powerful depth cues. In monoscope, some parts of the background object are hidden. In stereoscopy, there is a thin stripe of the background object that is seen by only one eye. This additional texture is a major cue for the brain to reconstruct a scene, to the point that occlusion will supersede any other cue, and your brain will twist reality in every direction to make it work (Mendiburu, 2009). Shape Change In stereoscopy, there’s an additional factor. The distance between human eyes is fixed at an average of 2.5 inches; therefore, the amount of â€Å"side view† for per eye is the function of an object’s size and distance. A dice you hold in your hand will reveal more of its sides than one on the other end of a craps table. And a building may not let you see its sides because it’s more that 2.5 inches wide. If you see more or less of an object, and you can locate it in the distance or have a reference shape to compare it to, then you’ll have enough information to infer the missing information and assess its actual size. Most of the time, this will tell you the size and distance. When shooting in 3D, filmmaker will play with the camera’s interocular distance. This will create size effects on objects, landscapes, and actors, and make them feel giant or small (Mendiburu, 2009). Convergence, Parallax, and Depth Parallax is the relative position of an object’s image in a set of pictures. When the parallax value of the pair of images of an object is negative, the left-eye image of the object is seen on the screen at a position that lies to the right of its right-eye image. When a viewer converge the image pair, the 3D object seems to be located in front of the screen plane. When the parallax value of the image pair is positive, the left-eye image of the object is seen on the screen at a position that lies to the left of its right-eye image. When a viewer converge the image pair, the 3D object seems to be located behind the screen plane. When the parallax value is zero, the two images of the object overlap at the screen plane. In this circumstance the object seems to the viewer to be located on the screen plane. When a viewer’s eyes are focused on the screen and converged on an object that appears to be in front of the screen (i.e. an object with negative parallax), the viewerâ⠂¬â„¢s left and right eyes cross. And when a viewer’s eyes are focused on the plane of the screen and converged on an object that appears to be on or beyond the screen (i.e. an object with zero or positive parallax), the viewer’s eyes remain uncrossed. Because crossing the eyes can cause physical discomfort, filmmakers are often cautious about using excessive negative parallax, choosing instead to limit the frequency of use of the effect and the degree to which objects are allowed to intrude into the viewer’s space (Clark, 2010). See figure 2 for a clearer picture. Figure 2. Parallax (Autodesk, 2008) 2.4 3D Display Stereoscopic display efficiently presents a left eye image to the left eye that is isolated from a right eye image that is presented to the right eye. This allows the visual system to merge the two images resulting in the perception of depth, or stereopsis. In current market, there are several methods to create stereoscopic visualization and the most common approaches used today are summarized on next page. Each one has advantage and disadvantage that should be considered by the user. StereoMirror Features:the light path from two polarized LCD monitors is combined using a 50/50 beamsplitter that transmits light from one display and reflects light from the other; find additional information here. Glasses: passive, linearly polarized Pros: high brightness, full stereo resolution, excellent color, no flicker, best stereo image quality, very comfortable, low stereo crosstalk, continuous image Cons:form factor, requires two input signals 3D Vision Features:left and right images are displayed frame sequentially with black frame insertion between, an emitter synchronizes glasses so that the left eye is blocked when a right image is shown and the right eye is blocked when a left image is shown Glasses: NVIDIA 3D Vision active shutter glasses Pros: full stereo resolution, good color, low stereo crosstalk, low cost Cons:low brightness, mild flicker Other Active Glasses Features:left and right images are displayed frame sequentially, an emitter synchronizes glasses so that the left eye is blocked when a right image is shown and the right eye is blocked when a left image is shown Glasses: active shutter glasses Pros: full stereo resolution, good color, low cost Cons:low brightness, mild to significant flicker, mild stereo crosstalk Anaglyph Features:stereo paired images are colored with red/blue or red/green tint for the left eye/right eye image Glasses: red/blue or red/green tint passive glasses Pros: can be used on any color display (even paper), low cost Cons:very high stereo crosstalk, loss of most color information Patterned Polarizer Features:odd display rows are circularly polarized in the opposite direction as all the even display rows, left/right images are split to either the even or odd rows Glasses: passive circularly polarized Pros: continuous image, comfortable Cons:half resolution, limited vertical viewing angle, stereo crosstalk increases with viewing angle Head Mounted Display (HMD) Features:a display in front of the left eye shows the left image and a second display in front of the right eye shows the right image Glasses: electronic glasses with two displays and appropriate optics Pros: zero stereo crosstalk, private view Cons:heavier glasses, eliminates view of surrounding, not multi-user, limited display technology Dual Panel Features:a pair of LCD panels are laminated and controlled with a custom algorithm that allows one panel to control the pixel intensity and the other to control polarization distribution Glasses: passive polarized glasses Pros: full stereo resolution, simultaneous left/right image displayed Cons:low brightness through two panels, complex driving scheme, viewing angle restrictions Autostereo Features:Uses LCD with an added optical element (either lenticular lens or parallax barrier) to create a combined left eye/right eye presentation of the image on the screen Glasses: no glasses required Pros: glasses free, multiple viewing zones are possible Cons:resolution reduced by half or more, high stereo crosstalk, complex content development 2.4.1 REAL D Technology The REAL D 3D theatrical system delivers a high quality 3D movie experience to the viewer. The system is designed to operate on existing digital cinema systems, which include a 3D enabled server and a DLP Cinemaâ„ ¢ projector (Cowan, 2007). 3.0 METHODOLOGY In order to fully obtain the research required and to gather the accrued information to achieve the aim and objectives of the project, the research method is mainly based on secondary research. However, primary research could be considered as part of the method on this project. 3.1 Primary Research Semi-structured interviewing is perhaps the most common type of interview used in qualitative social research. In this type of interview, some specific information which can be compared and contrasted with information gained in other interviews and also in other sources. (Dawson, 2006) The using of questionnaires is important for a project. In this project, a combination of both open and closed questions can consider to be taken. That way, it is possible to find out how many people have good or bad experience with 3D movies and what public think about 3D movies compare with 2D movies on the same form. Below are advantages and disadvantages of interviews. Advantages: Very useful in obtaining detailed information Obtaining a realistic picture of the way of people view Able to control the search design to fit the project needs Focus on specific subjects Disadvantages: Can be costly Time consuming, by the time the research is complete it may be out of date May not get response if emails or direct mailing are used 3.2 Secondary Research Sharp (2002) defined that secondary data is data collected by others and published in some from that is fairly readily accessible. In order to fully understand the development of live action and post produced stereoscopic, and its current role within the industry, this process requires gathering general information found through secondary data. The secondary research was divided into three parts: The principles of 3D stereoscopic, 3D display, and 3D glasses. The process of 3D stereo conversion. Stereoscopic filmmaking – Live-action shooting in 3D. In the first part, a subjective research was done by collecting the information of how human able to see 3D view both in the real world and on the screen through a viewing system. In the second part, Advantages and Disadvantages of the secondary research method Books and journals are likely to be the major source of the secondary data. Furthermore, they are extremely helpful for providing an accurate and in depth information on this project. However finding information on a specific subject is one of the challenges in this project unless there is a journal that focuses on it in its entirety. Although, some information that found from books may be out of date, yet, the history and the concept of 3D is never change. Hence, books consider one of the important sources for this project. Specialist publication such as 3D world and Post are very useful and can be found in the learning centre. The data from the internet is a simple approach to rapidly find information relevant to the project. Especially for this project is considered very useful, considering the lack of any out of date information that’s books have provided. However it’s hard to determine what information is valid on the internet unless the information is clearly referenced such as entertainment technology center website and whitepaper. 3.3 Comparison of the Chosen Methodology 4.0 REFERENCES Lo, C. and Chalmers, A., 2003. Stereo Vision for Computer Graphics, ACM Inc, pp. 110. Julesz, B., 1971. Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Boev, A., Hollosi, D., and Gotchev, A., 2008. Classification of stereoscopic artefacts, tech. rep., Mobile3DTV Project. WestOne, n.d. ‘Resources – Principles of 3D Stereoscopy’. [online] www.westone.wa.gov.au Date accessed: 17/01/2011 Schreer, O., Kauff, P., and Sikora, T., eds., 2005. 3D video communication. Wiley. Mendiburu, B., 2009. 3D Movie Making. Oxford: Elsevier Inc. B. Clark, 2010. ‘3D Production and Post’. [online] www.jhfestival.org Date assessed: 25/10/2010 Dr. Dawson, C., 2006. A Practical Guide to Research Methods. Oxford: How To Books Ltd Sharp, John A., 2002. The Management of a Student Research Project. Burlington: Gower Publishing Ltd 5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Wandell, B., 1995. Foundations of vision. Sunderland, MA, US: Sinauer Associates. How to cite How has cinema matured and developed within the last 10 years?, Essay examples

Dell Essay Example For Students

Dell Essay Dell Corporation was founded and established by Michael Dell in 1984. Dell is responsible for providing a vast variety of computers and peripherals ranging from individual customers to major corporations. Dell ranks 2nd when it comes to manufacturing personal computers in the United States and 3rd in the world. Dell also has various manufacturing plants throughout the world, making it a powerhouse in the computer sector. Dell has many factors that drive the company forward. One is there ability to provide customers the most newest technology at the lowest prices and providing that product in a faster way than the competition. Dells factory direct method makes this possible by cutting out the middleman and implementing the direct selling method. This is Dells bread and butter and it has caused Dells revenues to grow in the billions of dollars worldwide. But even with their successful track record, Dell also faces many considerable changes that are known to affect the computer industry. Short product life cycles and constantly changing technology make products obsolete in a very quick time span. Dell contends with this problem by offering customers standard technology. By offering customers with up to date and high value products, Dell believes it is giving the customer what they want. The internet has also played a significant role in Dells success. Dells website has allowed customers to customize their computers to fit their specific needs. Dells efficient distribution method makes it very easy to produce and deliver to its customers in the fastest, most efficient way possible. Another contributing factor to Dells success is something that most consumers dont see. Its the way Dell is managed from the top, all the way down. Michael Dell is very much in control of the company he helped build. He wants to hear other viewpoints and ideas. He wants his staff to question everything and test their superiors. He believes in everyone being responsible for their own actions. He believes in saving money by whatever means necessary. If it takes too long to earn a profit, then the project gets pulled. Dells very hands on approach have made the company very successful over the years. Besides being conscious to its customers needs, Dell also focuses on its employees needs as well. Employees want to feel valued and believe that what they have to say matters and will be taken into consideration and Dell adopts that type of work culture into its way of doing business externally and internally.